# Symphonic Mugham — Genre 🇦🇿

> The official Azerbaijani national orchestral classical genre. Founded by Fikrət Əmirov in 1948. Internationally recognized.

## What it IS

Symphonic Mugham (Azerbaijani: *Simfonik muğam*) is a single-movement symphonic suite that combines **traditional Azerbaijani mugham modal structure** with **Western symphonic form**. It is NOT a fusion or experiment — it is an established classical genre with a 75+ year tradition, performed worldwide by major orchestras.

## What it ISN'T (Suno disambiguation)

- ❌ Middle Eastern / Arabic music
- ❌ Persian classical
- ❌ Sufi / religious vocalise
- ❌ Generic "world music" fusion
- ❌ Chinese erhu / Indian raga (Suno's common misreads)

## Founding works (use as Suno reference anchors)

1. **Fikrət Əmirov — "Şur" simfonik muğamı (1948)** — the founding work
2. **Fikrət Əmirov — "Kürd Ovşarı" simfonik muğamı (1948)** — second founding work
3. **Fikrət Əmirov — "Gülüstan Bayatı-Şiraz" (1968)**
4. **Niyazi — "Rast" simfonik muğamı** — world-repertoire piece
5. **Tofiq Bakıxanov** — several works in this style
6. **Üzeyir Hacıbəyli — "Koroğlu" uvertürası (1937)** — proto-symphonic mugham (predates the genre name); became unofficial anthem of AZ independence movement in late 1980s

## International credibility

- **Leopold Stokowski** conducted Əmirov's "Kürd Ovşarı" with Houston Symphony, March 16, 1959
- Niyazi's "Rast" is in repertoire of major world orchestras
- Recorded by Moscow Symphony Orchestra under Antonio De Almeida (ASV Ltd. 1998)

## Defining elements

- **Tam Qərb simfonik orkestri** (full Western symphony orchestra) — strings, brass, woodwinds, percussion
- **+ Azerbaijani folk instruments integrated:**
  - **Tar** (long-necked lute) — melodic lead
  - **Kamancha** (spike fiddle) — answering/lyric lines
  - **Gaval / Qaval** (frame drum) — pulse and accents
  - Optional: **Balaban** (double reed), **Zurna** (loud double reed)
- **Mugham modal structure** (one of 7 main modes — Şur, Rast, Segah, Çahargah, Bayatı-Şiraz, Şüştər, Humayun)
- **Single-movement symphonic suite form**
- **Alternating sections:** improvisational (mugham proper) + composed metric (təsnif) + dance (rəng)
- Heroic brass and percussion underscoring dramatic motifs

## The 7 mughams — emotional usage map

| Mugham | Mood | Best for |
|---|---|---|
| Rast | Joyful, celebratory, "father of mughams" | Triumph, national pride, victory |
| **Şur** | **Melancholic, contemplative, deeply dramatic** | **Historical drama, grief + hope, national epic** ← most films |
| Segah | Tragic, deeply emotional | Loss, lament, devastation |
| Çahargah | Dramatic, fiery | Conflict, climax, action |
| Bayatı-Şiraz | Sad, longing | Nostalgia, exile, separation |
| Şüştər | Peaceful, contemplative | Reflection, intimate moments |
| Humayun | Philosophical, profound | Meditation, deep thought |

## Suno prompt tag formula

```
symphonic mugham, Azerbaijani national orchestral epic, in the style of 
Fikret Amirov Shur and Kurd Ovshari symphonic mughams 1948 and Niyazi 
Rast symphonic mugham and Uzeyir Hajibeyov Koroglu overture, single-
movement symphonic suite, full Western symphony orchestra augmented with 
Azerbaijani tar long-necked lute and kamancha spike fiddle and gaval 
frame drum integrated in ensemble, mugham modal melodies in Western 
symphonic framework, heroic brass and percussion, alternating 
improvisational and rhythmical sections, instrumental no vocals no 
choir, [BPM] building dynamically, authentic Azerbaijani genre founded 
by Amirov 1948 performed by Leopold Stokowski Houston Symphony 1959, 
NOT generic Middle Eastern NOT Arabic NOT Chinese NOT Hollywood
```

## Reality check — Suno limitations

Even with this formula, Suno may not reliably produce authentic symphonic mugham — the model's training data on Azerbaijani classical music is limited. Always offer the user a **fallback Plan B**: use real recordings of these works (Hacıbəyli Koroğlu overture is in Public Domain since 2018; others may need fair-use justification for diaspora community events).

## Public Domain / licensing status (as of 2026)

| Composer | Death | PD status |
|---|---|---|
| Üzeyir Hacıbəyli | 1948 | ✅ PD since 2018 (AZ + EU + most jurisdictions) |
| Fikrət Əmirov | 1984 | ⚠️ © until 2054 |
| Niyazi | 1984 | ⚠️ © until 2054 |
| Qara Qarayev | 1982 | ⚠️ © until 2052 |
| Vasif Adıgözəlov | 2006 | ⚠️ © until 2076 |
| AZ Dövlət Himni (anthem) | Hacıbəyli 1919 | ✅ PD; state work, attribution required |

## Cross-references

- `azerbaijani-mugham.md` — the traditional non-symphonic ancestor genre
- `orchestral.md` — the Western host genre
- `film-score.md` — for documentary applications
