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Implementation of the [Modified Merkle Patricia Trie](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-structures-and-encoding/patricia-merkle-trie/) as specified in the [Ethereum Yellow Paper](http://gavwood.com/Paper.pdf) |\n| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n\n- 🔭 Highly scalable\n- 🌴 Tree-shakeable API\n- 👷🏼 Controlled dependency set (3 external + `@Noble` crypto)\n- ⏳ Checkpoint Functionality\n- 🛢️ Flexible storage backends\n- ⚖️ `EIP-1186` Proofs\n- 🛵 176KB bundle size (48KB gzipped)\n- 🏄🏾‍♂️ WASM-free default + Fully browser ready\n\nRunnable examples live in [`examples/`](./examples/). Additional walk-throughs: [`examples/README.md`](./examples/README.md).\n\n## Table of Contents\n\n- [Installation](#installation)\n- [Getting Started](#getting-started)\n- [Checkpoints](#checkpoints)\n- [Walking a Trie](#walking-a-trie)\n- [Merkle Proofs](#merkle-proofs)\n- [Trie from Proof](#trie-from-proof)\n- [Value Map](#value-map)\n- [Storage Backends](#storage-backends)\n- [Root Persistence and Pruning](#root-persistence-and-pruning)\n- [Browser](#browser)\n- [API](#api)\n- [Benchmarking](#benchmarking)\n- [Debugging](#debugging)\n- [References](#references)\n- [EthereumJS](#ethereumjs)\n- [License](#license)\n\n## Installation\n\n```shell\nnpm install @ethereumjs/mpt\n```\n\n## Getting Started\n\nUse `createMPT()` for the async factory (recommended) or `new MerklePatriciaTrie()` directly. With `useKeyHashing: true` (Ethereum production default), keys are hashed with keccak256 before lookup.\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/basicUsage.ts\n\nimport { createMPT } from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { MapDB, bytesToUtf8, utf8ToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nasync function test() {\n  const trie = await createMPT({ db: new MapDB() })\n  await trie.put(utf8ToBytes('test'), utf8ToBytes('one'))\n  const value = await trie.get(utf8ToBytes('test'))\n  console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'not found') // 'one'\n}\n\nvoid test()\n```\n\nMain constructors: `createMPT()`, `createMPTFromProof()`, `new MerklePatriciaTrie(opts)`.\n\nProperties are frozen by default on returned nodes where applicable. Pass a `Common` with `customCrypto` for WASM hashing backends — see [@ethereumjs/common](../common#custom-cryptography-wasm--kzg).\n\n## Checkpoints\n\nNested `checkpoint()` / `commit()` / `revert()` stack for speculative writes (used by `@ethereumjs/statemanager` and `@ethereumjs/vm`):\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/checkpoint.ts\n\nimport { createMPT } from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { bytesToHex, hexToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nconst main = async () => {\n  const trie = await createMPT()\n  const key = hexToBytes('0x11')\n\n  await trie.put(key, hexToBytes('0xaa'))\n  trie.checkpoint()\n  await trie.put(key, hexToBytes('0xbb'))\n  console.log(`In checkpoint: ${bytesToHex((await trie.get(key))!)}`)\n\n  await trie.revert()\n  console.log(`After revert: ${bytesToHex((await trie.get(key))!)}`)\n\n  trie.checkpoint()\n  await trie.put(key, hexToBytes('0xcc'))\n  await trie.commit()\n  console.log(`After commit: ${bytesToHex((await trie.get(key))!)}`)\n}\n\nvoid main()\n```\n\n## Walking a Trie\n\n`walkTrieIterable()` yields `{ node, currentKey }` pairs for `for await` loops. Use `walkTrie()` with `WalkController` when you need concurrent DB reads or per-node traversal control (see API docs).\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/trieWalking.ts\n\nimport { createMPT } from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { utf8ToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nasync function main() {\n  const trie = await createMPT()\n  await trie.put(utf8ToBytes('key'), utf8ToBytes('val'))\n  const walk = trie.walkTrieIterable(trie.root())\n\n  for await (const { node, currentKey } of walk) {\n    console.log({ node, currentKey })\n  }\n}\nvoid main()\n```\n\n## Merkle Proofs\n\n[EIP-1186](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1186) proof creation and verification:\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/proofs.ts\n\nimport { MerklePatriciaTrie, createMerkleProof, verifyMPTWithMerkleProof } from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { bytesToUtf8, utf8ToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nconst trie = new MerklePatriciaTrie()\n\nasync function main() {\n  const k1 = utf8ToBytes('key1')\n  const k2 = utf8ToBytes('key2')\n  const v1 = utf8ToBytes('one')\n  const v2 = utf8ToBytes('two')\n\n  // proof-of-inclusion\n  await trie.put(k1, v1)\n  let proof = await createMerkleProof(trie, k1)\n  let value = await verifyMPTWithMerkleProof(trie, trie.root(), k1, proof)\n  console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'not found') // 'one'\n\n  // proof-of-exclusion\n  await trie.put(k1, v1)\n  await trie.put(k2, v2)\n  proof = await createMerkleProof(trie, utf8ToBytes('key3'))\n  value = await verifyMPTWithMerkleProof(trie, trie.root(), utf8ToBytes('key3'), proof)\n  console.log(value ? bytesToUtf8(value) : 'null') // null\n\n  // invalid proof\n  await trie.put(k1, v1)\n  await trie.put(k2, v2)\n  proof = await createMerkleProof(trie, k2)\n  proof[0].reverse()\n  try {\n    const _value = await verifyMPTWithMerkleProof(trie, trie.root(), k2, proof)\n  } catch (err) {\n    console.log(`Invalid proof rejected: ${(err as Error).message.split('\\n')[0]}`)\n  }\n}\n\nvoid main()\n```\n\nRange proofs: `verifyMPTRangeProof()` for snap-sync style leaf ranges.\n\n## Trie from Proof\n\nBuild a partial trie from existing proofs — useful for light clients and `@ethereumjs/statemanager`:\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/createFromProof.ts\n\nimport {\n  MerklePatriciaTrie,\n  createMPTFromProof,\n  createMerkleProof,\n  updateMPTFromMerkleProof,\n} from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { bytesToUtf8, utf8ToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nasync function main() {\n  const k1 = utf8ToBytes('keyOne')\n  const k2 = utf8ToBytes('keyTwo')\n\n  const someOtherTrie = new MerklePatriciaTrie({ useKeyHashing: true })\n  await someOtherTrie.put(k1, utf8ToBytes('valueOne'))\n  await someOtherTrie.put(k2, utf8ToBytes('valueTwo'))\n\n  const proof = await createMerkleProof(someOtherTrie, k1)\n  const trie = await createMPTFromProof(proof, { useKeyHashing: true })\n  const otherProof = await createMerkleProof(someOtherTrie, k2)\n\n  await updateMPTFromMerkleProof(trie, otherProof)\n\n  const value = await trie.get(k1)\n  console.log(bytesToUtf8(value!)) // valueOne\n  const otherValue = await trie.get(k2)\n  console.log(bytesToUtf8(otherValue!)) // valueTwo\n}\n\nvoid main()\n```\n\n## Value Map\n\nDump leaf key/value pairs with `getValueMap()`:\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/getValueMap.ts\n\nimport { createMPT } from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { bigIntToBytes, hexToBytes } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nconst main = async () => {\n  const trie = await createMPT({})\n  const entries: [Uint8Array, string][] = [\n    [bigIntToBytes(1n), '0x' + '0a'.repeat(32)],\n    [bigIntToBytes(2n), '0x' + '0b'.repeat(32)],\n    [bigIntToBytes(3n), '0x' + '0c'.repeat(32)],\n  ]\n\n  for (const entry of entries) {\n    await trie.put(entry[0], hexToBytes(entry[1]))\n  }\n\n  const dump = await trie.getValueMap()\n  console.log(`All leaf values: ${Object.keys(dump.values).length} entries`)\n\n  const selectiveDump = await trie.getValueMap(1n, 2)\n  console.log(`Selective dump: ${Object.keys(selectiveDump.values).length} entries`)\n}\n\nvoid main()\n```\n\n## Storage Backends\n\nPass any `@ethereumjs/util` `DB` implementation via `opts.db`. Default is in-memory `MapDB`.\n\n| Example | Backend |\n| --- | --- |\n| [`examples/level.js`](./examples/level.js) | LevelDB (used by `@ethereumjs/client`) |\n| [`examples/lmdb.js`](./examples/lmdb.js) | LMDB |\n| [`recipes/level.ts`](./recipes/level.ts) | TypeScript LevelDB wrapper recipe |\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/customLevelDB.ts (excerpt)\n\n// const trie = new MerklePatriciaTrie({ db: new LevelDB(new Level('MY_TRIE_DB_LOCATION')) })\n```\n\nImplement the [`DB` interface](https://github.com/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/blob/master/packages/util/src/db.ts) for custom backends.\n\n## Root Persistence and Pruning\n\nPersist the trie root across restarts:\n\n```ts\n// ./examples/rootPersistence.ts\n\nimport { createMPT } from '@ethereumjs/mpt'\nimport { bytesToHex } from '@ethereumjs/util'\n\nasync function main() {\n  const trie = await createMPT({\n    useRootPersistence: true,\n  })\n\n  console.log(bytesToHex(trie.root())) // 0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421\n}\nvoid main()\n```\n\nEnable `useNodePruning: true` to delete superseded nodes from the DB (saves disk space; only safe when you do not need historical trie states).\n\n## Browser\n\nHybrid ESM/CJS builds are provided. See [./examples/browser.html](./examples/browser.html).\n\n## API\n\nGenerated TypeDoc [documentation](./docs/README.md).\n\n## Benchmarking\n\n```shell\nnpm run benchmarks   # random PUT + checkpointing benchmarks\nnpm run profiling    # flamegraph via 0x\n```\n\n## Debugging\n\nUses the [debug](https://github.com/visionmedia/debug) package. Enable with `DEBUG=ethjs,mpt` (see full logger table in previous docs or run `DEBUG=ethjs,mpt:* npm test`).\n\n## References\n\n- [Ethereum Trie Specification](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Patricia-Tree)\n- [Merkling in Ethereum](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/11/15/merkling-in-ethereum/)\n- [Trie and Patricia Trie Overview (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXAHLqQthKw&t=26s)\n\n## EthereumJS\n\nThe `EthereumJS` GitHub organization and its repositories are managed by members of the former Ethereum Foundation JavaScript team and the broader Ethereum community. If you want to join for work or carry out improvements on the libraries see the [developer docs](../../DEVELOPER.md) for an overview of current standards and tools and review our [code of conduct](../../CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).\n\n## License\n\n[MPL-2.0](<https://tldrlegal.com/license/mozilla-public-license-2.0-(mpl-2)>)\n\n[discord-badge]: https://img.shields.io/static/v1?logo=discord&label=discord&message=Join&color=blue\n[discord-link]: https://discord.gg/TNwARpR\n[mpt-npm-badge]: https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@ethereumjs/mpt.svg\n[mpt-npm-link]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@ethereumjs/mpt\n[mpt-issues-badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/issues/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/package:%20mpt?label=issues\n[mpt-issues-link]: https://github.com/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A\"package%3A+mpt\"\n[mpt-actions-badge]: https://github.com/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/workflows/Trie/badge.svg\n[mpt-actions-link]: https://github.com/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Trie%22\n[mpt-coverage-badge]: https://codecov.io/gh/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?flag=mpt\n[mpt-coverage-link]: https://codecov.io/gh/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-monorepo/tree/master/packages/mpt\n","readmeFilename":"README.md"}