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# E2E Testing

As applications grow in size and complexity, it becomes unrealistic to rely on manual testing to verify the correctness of new features, catch bugs and notice regressions. Unit tests are the first line of defense for catching bugs, but sometimes issues come up with integration between components which can't be captured in a unit test. End-to-end tests are made to find these problems.

We have built Protractor, an end to end test runner which simulates user interactions that will help you verify the health of your AngularJS application.

## Using Protractor

Protractor is a Node.js program, and runs end-to-end tests that are also written in JavaScript and run with node. Protractor uses WebDriver to control browsers and simulate user actions.

For more information on Protractor, view getting started or the api docs.

Protractor uses Jasmine for its test syntax. As in unit testing, a test file is comprised of one or more `it` blocks that describe the requirements of your application. `it` blocks are made of commands and expectations. Commands tell Protractor to do something with the application such as navigate to a page or click on a button. Expectations tell Protractor to assert something about the application's state, such as the value of a field or the current URL.

If any expectation within an `it` block fails, the runner marks the `it` as "failed" and continues on to the next block.

Test files may also have `beforeEach` and `afterEach` blocks, which will be run before or after each `it` block regardless of whether the block passes or fails.

In addition to the above elements, tests may also contain helper functions to avoid duplicating code in the `it` blocks.

Here is an example of a simple test:

    describe('TODO list', function() {
      it('should filter results', function() {

        // Find the element with ng-model="user" and type "jacksparrow" into it
        element(by.model('user')).sendKeys('jacksparrow');

        // Find the first (and only) button on the page and click it
        element(by.css(':button')).click();

        // Verify that there are 10 tasks
        expect(element.all(by.repeater('task in tasks')).count()).toEqual(10);

        // Enter 'groceries' into the element with ng-model="filterText"
        element(by.model('filterText')).sendKeys('groceries');

        // Verify that now there is only one item in the task list
        expect(element.all(by.repeater('task in tasks')).count()).toEqual(1);
      });
    });

This test describes the requirements of a ToDo list, specifically, that it should be able to filter the list of items.

## Example

See the angular-seed project for more examples, or look at the embedded examples in the AngularJS documentation (For example, $http has an end-to-end test in the example under the `protractor.js` tag).

## Caveats

Protractor does not work out-of-the-box with apps that bootstrap manually using `angular.bootstrap`. You must use the `ng-app` directive.