---
lang: en
title: 'hasOne Relation'
keywords: LoopBack 4.0, LoopBack 4
sidebar: lb4_sidebar
permalink: /doc/en/lb4/hasOne-relation.html
---

## Overview

A `hasOne` relation denotes a one-to-one connection of a model to another model
through referential integrity. The referential integrity is enforced by a
foreign key constraint on the target model which usually references a primary
key on the source model and a unique constraint on the same column/key to ensure
one-to-one mapping. This relation indicates that each instance of the declaring
or source model has exactly one instance of the target model. Let's take an
example where an application has models `Supplier` and `Account` and a
`Supplier` can only have one `Account` on the system as illustrated in the
diagram below.

![hasOne relation illustration](./imgs/hasOne-relation-example.png)

The diagram shows target model **Account** has property **supplierId** as the
foreign key to reference the declaring model **Supplier's** primary key **id**.
**supplierId** needs to also be used in a unique index to ensure each
**Supplier** has only one related **Account** instance.

To add a `hasOne` relation to your LoopBack application and expose its related
routes, you need to perform the following steps:

1.  Decorate properties on the source and target models with `@hasOne` and
    `@belongsTo` to let LoopBack gather the neccessary metadata.
2.  Modify the source model repository class to provide access to a constrained
    target model repository.
3.  Call the constrained target model repository CRUD APIs in your controller
    methods.

Right now, LoopBack collects the neccessary metadata and exposes the relation
APIs for the `hasOne` relation, but does not guarantee referential integrity.
This has to be set up by the user or DBA in the underlying database and an
example is shown below on how to do it with MySQL.

## Defining a hasOne Relation

This section describes how to define a `hasOne` relation at the model level
using the `@hasOne` decorator. The relation constrains the target repository by
the foreign key property on its associated model. The `hasOne` relation is
defined on a source model `Supplier` in the example below:

{% include code-caption.html content="/src/models/supplier.model.ts" %}

```ts
import {Account} from './account.model';
import {Entity, property, hasOne} from '@loopback/repository';

export class Supplier extends Entity {
  @property({
    type: 'number',
    id: true,
  })
  id: number;

  @property({
    type: 'string',
    required: true,
  })
  name: string;

  @hasOne(() => Account)
  account?: Account;

  constructor(data: Partial<Supplier>) {
    super(data);
  }
}
```

On the other side of the relation, we'd need to declare a `belongsTo` relation
since every `Account` has to belong to exactly one `Supplier`:

```ts
import {Supplier} from './supplier.model';
import {Entity, property, belongsTo} from '@loopback/repository';

export class Account extends Entity {
  @property({
    type: 'number',
    id: true,
  })
  id: number;

  @property({
    type: 'string',
  })
  accountManager: string;

  @belongsTo(() => Supplier)
  supplierId: number;

  constructor(data: Partial<Account>) {
    super(data);
  }
}
```

The definition of the `hasOne` relation is inferred by using the `@hasOne`
decorator. The decorator takes in a function resolving the target model class
constructor and optionally a has one relation definition object which can e.g.
contain a custom foreign key to be stored as the relation metadata. The
decorator logic also designates the relation type and tries to infer the foreign
key on the target model (`keyTo` in the relation metadata) to a default value
(source model name appended with `id` in camel case, same as LoopBack 3).

The decorated property name is used as the relation name and stored as part of
the source model definition's relation metadata.

A usage of the decorator with a custom foreign key name for the above example is
as follows:

```ts
// import statements
class Supplier extends Entity {
  // constructor, properties, etc.
  @hasOne(() => Account, {keyTo: 'suppId'})
  account?: Account;
}
```

## Setting up your database for hasOne relation - MySQL

At the moment, LoopBack does not provide the means to enforce referential
integrity for the `hasOne` relation. It is up to users to set this up at the
database layer so constraints are not violated. Let's take MySQL as the backing
database for our application. Given the `Supplier` has one `Account` scenario
above, we need to run two SQL statements on the `Account` table for the database
to enforce referential integrity and align with LoopBack's `hasOne` relation.

1. Make `supplierId` property or column a foreign key which references the `id`
   from Supplier model's `id` property:

```sql
ALTER TABLE <databaseName>.Account ADD FOREIGN KEY (supplierId) REFERENCES <databaseName>.Supplier(id);
```

2. Create a unique index for the same property `supplierId`, so that for each
   `Supplier` instance, there is only one associated `Account` instance.

```sql
   ALTER TABLE <databaseName>.Account ADD UNIQUE INDEX supplierIndex (supplierId);
```

Before making the following changes, please follow the steps outlined in
[Database Migrations](Database-migrations.md) to create the database schemas
defined by the models in your application.

## Configuring a hasOne relation

The configuration and resolution of a `hasOne` relation takes place at the
repository level. Once `hasOne` relation is defined on the source model, then
there are a couple of steps involved to configure it and use it. On the source
repository, the following are required:

- In the constructor of your source repository class, use
  [Dependency Injection](Dependency-injection.md) to receive a getter function
  for obtaining an instance of the target repository. \_Note: We need a getter
  function, accepting a string repository name instead of a repository
  constructor, or a repository instance, in `Account` to break a cyclic
  dependency between a repository with a hasOne relation and a repository with
  the matching belongsTo relation.

- Declare a property with the factory function type
  `HasOneRepositoryFactory<targetModel, typeof sourceModel.prototype.id>` on the
  source repository class.

- Call the `createHasOneRepositoryFactoryFor` function in the constructor of the
  source repository class with the relation name (decorated relation property on
  the source model) and target repository instance and assign it the property
  mentioned above.

The following code snippet shows how it would look like:

{% include code-caption.html
content="/src/repositories/supplier.repository.ts" %}

```ts
import {Account, Supplier} from '../models';
import {AccountRepository} from './account.repository';
import {
  DefaultCrudRepository,
  juggler,
  HasOneRepositoryFactory,
  repository,
} from '@loopback/repository';
import {inject, Getter} from '@loopback/core';

export class SupplierRepository extends DefaultCrudRepository<
  Supplier,
  typeof Supplier.prototype.id
> {
  public readonly account: HasOneRepositoryFactory<
    Account,
    typeof Supplier.prototype.id
  >;
  constructor(
    @inject('datasources.db') protected db: juggler.DataSource,
    @repository.getter('AccountRepository')
    getAccountRepository: Getter<AccountRepository>,
  ) {
    super(Customer, db);
    this.account = this.createHasOneRepositoryFactoryFor(
      'account',
      getAccountRepository,
    );
  }
}
```

The following CRUD APIs are now available in the constrained target repository
factory `Account` for instances of `supplierRepository`:

- `create` for creating an `Account` model instance belonging to `Supplier`
  model instance
  ([API Docs](https://apidocs.strongloop.com/@loopback%2fdocs/repository.html#HasOneRepository.prototype.create))
- `get` finding the target model instance belonging to `Supplier` model instance
  ([API Docs](https://apidocs.strongloop.com/@loopback%2fdocs/repository.html#HasOneRepository.prototype.get))

## Using hasOne constrained repository in a controller

The same pattern used for ordinary repositories to expose their CRUD APIs via
controller methods is employed for `hasOne` repositories. Once the hasOne
relation has been defined and configured, controller methods can call the
underlying constrained repository CRUD APIs and expose them as routes once
decorated with
[Route decorators](Routes.md#using-route-decorators-with-controller-methods). It
will require the value of the foreign key and, depending on the request method,
a value for the target model instance as demonstrated below.

{% include code-caption.html
content="src/controllers/supplier-account.controller.ts" %}

```ts
import {post, param, requestBody} from '@loopback/rest';
import {CustomerRepository} from '../repositories/';
import {Customer, Account} from '../models/';
import {repository} from '@loopback/repository';

export class SupplierAccountController {
  constructor(
    @repository(SupplierRepository)
    protected supplierRepository: SupplierRepository,
  ) {}

  @post('/suppliers/{id}/account')
  async createAccount(
    @param.path.number('id') supplierId: typeof Suppllier.prototype.id,
    @requestBody() accountData: Account,
  ): Promise<Account> {
    return await this.supplierRepository
      .account(supplierId)
      .create(accountData);
  }
}
```

In LoopBack 3, the REST APIs for relations were exposed using static methods
with the name following the pattern `__{methodName}__{relationName}__` (e.g.
`Supplier.__find__account`). We recommend to create a new controller for each
relation in LoopBack 4. First, it keeps controller classes smaller. Second, it
creates a logical separation of ordinary repositories and relational
repositories and thus the controllers which use them. Therefore, as shown above,
don't add `Account`-related methods to `SupplierController`, but instead create
a new `SupplierAccountController` class for them.

{% include note.html content="
The type of `accountData` above will possibly change to `Partial<Account>` to exclude
certain properties from the JSON/OpenAPI spec schema built for the `requestBody`
payload. See its [GitHub
issue](https://github.com/strongloop/loopback-next/issues/1179) to follow the discussion.
" %}
