# Reference List General Rules — Chicago Author-Date

## Placement and Format
- Positioned at end of main text under heading "References"
- Includes entries for all works cited throughout the text
- All entries set with hanging indent
- Do not replace repeated author names with dashes — display the full name each time

## Ordering Rules

1. Alphabetical by first authors' surnames
2. First authors sharing a surname → alphabetical by given names
3. Same first author, different subsequent authors → alphabetical by subsequent authors' surnames and given names
4. Same full author list → chronological by publication date (dated first; then "n.d."; then "forthcoming")
5. Same full author list and same publication date → alphabetical by title (ignoring articles "A," "An," "The"), with lowercase letter designators (a, b, c) appended to year
6. Organizational authors → alphabetical by name or acronym among other entries
7. No credited author → alphabetical by title among other entries

## Author and Credited Individual Formatting

### Author Lists
- First author: inverted (Surname, Given Name or Initials.)
- Subsequent authors: non-inverted (Given Name Surname)
- Period after author list, space between initials
- 2–10 authors: list all; "and" before final name; commas between name units (3+)
- 11+ authors: list first seven, comma, "et al."

### Editors and Translators
- Editor in author role: `Editor, Aaaa A., ed.` (one) or `eds.` (multiple)
- Editor/translator as secondary: appears after title element: `Edited by...` / `Translated by...`

## Title Formatting

### Periodical Resources (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
- Article title: roman font, enclosed in quotation marks, title case
- Journal/magazine/newspaper title: italicised, title case, no quotation marks
- Capitalisation: first letter of coordinating conjunctions ("and," "but," "or," "nor"), prepositions, and articles ("a," "an," "the") not capitalised unless beginning/ending the title or subtitle

### Nonperiodical Resources (Books, Reports)
- Book/report title: italicised, title case
- Chapter title: roman font, enclosed in quotation marks, title case
- Same capitalisation rules as periodical titles

### Non-English Titles
- Capitalisation follows original language rules
- Author-supplied English translation in square brackets after original title, sentence case

## Journal Article Specifics
- Volume and issue: `25 (4):` — volume in roman, issue in parentheses, colon before pages
- Page range: en dash, all digits displayed (not truncated): `345–363`
- Issue number omitted only if journal volumes are not divided into issues
- DOI closes the entry when available

## Location and Publisher (Books, Reports, Chapters)
- Format: `City, ST|Country: Publisher Name.`
- City only if it is an industry hub (London, New York, Amsterdam, etc.)
- Outside US/Canada: city and country
- Inside US/Canada: city and postal abbreviation of state/province

## URLs and DOIs

### URLs
- Close entries for webpages and other online resources
- Access date recorded only when no publication/modification date can be determined
- Access date format: `Accessed Month dd, yyyy.`

### DOIs
- Close journal article entries (when available)
- Format: `https://doi.org/...`
- Authors do not need to include DOIs when preparing manuscripts — registries add them during production
