---
title: Embeddings
description: Learn how to embed values with the AI SDK.
---

# Embeddings

Embeddings are a way to represent words, phrases, or images as vectors in a high-dimensional space.
In this space, similar words are close to each other, and the distance between words can be used to measure their similarity.

## Embedding a Single Value

The AI SDK provides the [`embed`](/docs/reference/ai-sdk-core/embed) function to embed single values, which is useful for tasks such as finding similar words
or phrases or clustering text.
You can use it with embeddings models, e.g. `openai.embeddingModel('text-embedding-3-large')` or `mistral.embeddingModel('mistral-embed')`.

```tsx
import { embed } from 'ai';

// 'embedding' is a single embedding object (number[])
const { embedding } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
});
```

## Embedding Many Values

When loading data, e.g. when preparing a data store for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG),
it is often useful to embed many values at once (batch embedding).

The AI SDK provides the [`embedMany`](/docs/reference/ai-sdk-core/embed-many) function for this purpose.
Similar to `embed`, you can use it with embeddings models,
e.g. `openai.embeddingModel('text-embedding-3-large')` or `mistral.embeddingModel('mistral-embed')`.

```tsx
import { embedMany } from 'ai';

// 'embeddings' is an array of embedding objects (number[][]).
// It is sorted in the same order as the input values.
const { embeddings } = await embedMany({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  values: [
    'sunny day at the beach',
    'rainy afternoon in the city',
    'snowy night in the mountains',
  ],
});
```

## Embedding Similarity

After embedding values, you can calculate the similarity between them using the [`cosineSimilarity`](/docs/reference/ai-sdk-core/cosine-similarity) function.
This is useful to e.g. find similar words or phrases in a dataset.
You can also rank and filter related items based on their similarity.

```ts highlight={"1,9"}
import { cosineSimilarity, embedMany } from 'ai';

const { embeddings } = await embedMany({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  values: ['sunny day at the beach', 'rainy afternoon in the city'],
});

console.log(
  `cosine similarity: ${cosineSimilarity(embeddings[0], embeddings[1])}`,
);
```

## Token Usage

Many providers charge based on the number of tokens used to generate embeddings.
Both `embed` and `embedMany` provide token usage information in the `usage` property of the result object:

```ts highlight={"3,8"}
import { embed } from 'ai';

const { embedding, usage } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
});

console.log(usage); // { tokens: 10 }
```

## Settings

### Provider Options

Embedding model settings can be configured using `providerOptions` for provider-specific parameters:

```ts highlight={"4-8"}
import { embed } from 'ai';

const { embedding } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
  providerOptions: {
    openai: {
      dimensions: 512, // Reduce embedding dimensions
    },
  },
});
```

Google's `gemini-embedding-2` model (also available as `gemini-embedding-2-preview`) supports multimodal embedding content through `providerOptions.google.content`. Each entry corresponds to the value at the same index and can contain `{ text: string }`, `{ inlineData: { mimeType: string; data: string } }`, or `{ fileData: { fileUri: string; mimeType: string } }` parts. `fileUri` can reference remote content such as HTTP URLs or Google Cloud Storage URIs (`gs://...`).

### Parallel Requests

The `embedMany` function now supports parallel processing with configurable `maxParallelCalls` to optimize performance:

```ts highlight={"3"}
import { embedMany } from 'ai';

const { embeddings, usage } = await embedMany({
  maxParallelCalls: 2, // Limit parallel requests
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  values: [
    'sunny day at the beach',
    'rainy afternoon in the city',
    'snowy night in the mountains',
  ],
});
```

### Retries

Both `embed` and `embedMany` accept an optional `maxRetries` parameter of type `number`
that you can use to set the maximum number of retries for the embedding process.
It defaults to `2` retries (3 attempts in total). You can set it to `0` to disable retries.

```ts highlight={"6"}
import { embed } from 'ai';

const { embedding } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
  maxRetries: 0, // Disable retries
});
```

### Abort Signals and Timeouts

Both `embed` and `embedMany` accept an optional `abortSignal` parameter of
type [`AbortSignal`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/AbortSignal)
that you can use to abort the embedding process or set a timeout.

```ts highlight={"6"}
import { embed } from 'ai';

const { embedding } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
  abortSignal: AbortSignal.timeout(1000), // Abort after 1 second
});
```

### Custom Headers

Both `embed` and `embedMany` accept an optional `headers` parameter of type `Record<string, string>`
that you can use to add custom headers to the embedding request.

```ts highlight={"6"}
import { embed } from 'ai';

const { embedding } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
  headers: { 'X-Custom-Header': 'custom-value' },
});
```

## Response Information

Both `embed` and `embedMany` return response information that includes the raw provider response:

```ts highlight={"3,8"}
import { embed } from 'ai';

const { embedding, response } = await embed({
  model: 'openai/text-embedding-3-small',
  value: 'sunny day at the beach',
});

console.log(response); // Raw provider response
```

## Embedding Middleware

You can enhance embedding models, e.g. to set default values, using
`wrapEmbeddingModel` and `EmbeddingModelMiddleware`.

Here is an example that uses the built-in `defaultEmbeddingSettingsMiddleware`:

```ts
import {
  defaultEmbeddingSettingsMiddleware,
  embed,
  wrapEmbeddingModel,
  gateway,
} from 'ai';

const embeddingModelWithDefaults = wrapEmbeddingModel({
  model: gateway.embeddingModel('google/gemini-embedding-001'),
  middleware: defaultEmbeddingSettingsMiddleware({
    settings: {
      providerOptions: {
        google: {
          outputDimensionality: 256,
          taskType: 'CLASSIFICATION',
        },
      },
    },
  }),
});
```

## Embedding Providers & Models

Several providers offer embedding models:

| Provider                                                                      | Model                           | Embedding Dimensions | Multimodal |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | -------------------- | ---------- |
| [OpenAI](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/openai#embedding-models)                 | `text-embedding-3-large`        | 3072                 | <Cross />  |
| [OpenAI](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/openai#embedding-models)                 | `text-embedding-3-small`        | 1536                 | <Cross />  |
| [OpenAI](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/openai#embedding-models)                 | `text-embedding-ada-002`        | 1536                 | <Cross />  |
| [Google](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/google#embedding-models)                 | `gemini-embedding-001`          | 3072                 | <Cross />  |
| [Google](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/google#embedding-models)                 | `gemini-embedding-2`            | 3072                 | <Check />  |
| [Google](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/google#embedding-models)                 | `gemini-embedding-2-preview`    | 3072                 | <Check />  |
| [Mistral](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/mistral#embedding-models)               | `mistral-embed`                 | 1024                 | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-english-v3.0`            | 1024                 | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-multilingual-v3.0`       | 1024                 | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-english-light-v3.0`      | 384                  | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-multilingual-light-v3.0` | 384                  | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-english-v2.0`            | 4096                 | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-english-light-v2.0`      | 1024                 | <Cross />  |
| [Cohere](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/cohere#embedding-models)                 | `embed-multilingual-v2.0`       | 768                  | <Cross />  |
| [Amazon Bedrock](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/amazon-bedrock#embedding-models) | `amazon.titan-embed-text-v1`    | 1536                 | <Cross />  |
| [Amazon Bedrock](/providers/ai-sdk-providers/amazon-bedrock#embedding-models) | `amazon.titan-embed-text-v2:0`  | 1024                 | <Cross />  |
