---
title: Stream Protocols
description: Learn more about the supported stream protocols in the AI SDK.
---

# Stream Protocols

AI SDK UI functions such as `useChat` and `useCompletion` support both text streams and data streams.
The stream protocol defines how the data is streamed to the frontend on top of the HTTP protocol.

This page describes both protocols and how to use them in the backend and frontend.

You can use this information to develop custom backends and frontends for your use case, e.g.,
to provide compatible API endpoints that are implemented in a different language such as Python.

For instance, here's an example using [FastAPI](https://github.com/vercel/ai/tree/main/examples/next-fastapi) as a backend.

## Text Stream Protocol

A text stream contains chunks in plain text, that are streamed to the frontend.
Each chunk is then appended together to form a full text response.

Text streams are supported by `useChat`, `useCompletion`, and `useObject`.
When you use `useChat` or `useCompletion`, you need to enable text streaming
by setting the `streamProtocol` options to `text`.

You can generate text streams with `streamText` in the backend.
Pass the result's `stream` to `toTextStream` and return it with
`createTextStreamResponse` to create a streaming HTTP response.

<Note>
  Text streams only support basic text data. If you need to stream other types
  of data such as tool calls, use data streams.
</Note>

### Text Stream Example

Here is a Next.js example that uses the text stream protocol:

```tsx filename='app/page.tsx'
'use client';

import { useChat } from '@ai-sdk/react';
import { TextStreamChatTransport } from 'ai';
import { useState } from 'react';

export default function Chat() {
  const [input, setInput] = useState('');
  const { messages, sendMessage } = useChat({
    transport: new TextStreamChatTransport({ api: '/api/chat' }),
  });

  return (
    <div className="flex flex-col w-full max-w-md py-24 mx-auto stretch">
      {messages.map(message => (
        <div key={message.id} className="whitespace-pre-wrap">
          {message.role === 'user' ? 'User: ' : 'AI: '}
          {message.parts.map((part, i) => {
            switch (part.type) {
              case 'text':
                return <div key={`${message.id}-${i}`}>{part.text}</div>;
            }
          })}
        </div>
      ))}

      <form
        onSubmit={e => {
          e.preventDefault();
          sendMessage({ text: input });
          setInput('');
        }}
      >
        <input
          className="fixed dark:bg-zinc-900 bottom-0 w-full max-w-md p-2 mb-8 border border-zinc-300 dark:border-zinc-800 rounded shadow-xl"
          value={input}
          placeholder="Say something..."
          onChange={e => setInput(e.currentTarget.value)}
        />
      </form>
    </div>
  );
}
```

```ts filename='app/api/chat/route.ts'
import {
  convertToModelMessages,
  createTextStreamResponse,
  streamText,
  toTextStream,
  UIMessage,
} from 'ai';
__PROVIDER_IMPORT__;

// Allow streaming responses up to 30 seconds
export const maxDuration = 30;

export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const { messages }: { messages: UIMessage[] } = await req.json();

  const result = streamText({
    model: __MODEL__,
    messages: await convertToModelMessages(messages),
  });

  return createTextStreamResponse({
    stream: toTextStream({ stream: result.stream }),
  });
}
```

## Data Stream Protocol

A data stream follows a special protocol that the AI SDK provides to send information to the frontend.

The data stream protocol uses Server-Sent Events (SSE) format for improved standardization, keep-alive through ping, reconnect capabilities, and better cache handling.

<Note>
  When you provide data streams from a custom backend, you need to set the
  `x-vercel-ai-ui-message-stream` header to `v1`.
</Note>

The following stream parts are currently supported:

### Message Start Part

Indicates the beginning of a new message with metadata.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"start","messageId":"..."}

```

### Text Parts

Text content is streamed using a start/delta/end pattern with unique IDs for each text block.

#### Text Start Part

Indicates the beginning of a text block.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"text-start","id":"msg_68679a454370819ca74c8eb3d04379630dd1afb72306ca5d"}

```

#### Text Delta Part

Contains incremental text content for the text block.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"text-delta","id":"msg_68679a454370819ca74c8eb3d04379630dd1afb72306ca5d","delta":"Hello"}

```

#### Text End Part

Indicates the completion of a text block.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"text-end","id":"msg_68679a454370819ca74c8eb3d04379630dd1afb72306ca5d"}

```

### Reasoning Parts

Reasoning content is streamed using a start/delta/end pattern with unique IDs for each reasoning block.

#### Reasoning Start Part

Indicates the beginning of a reasoning block.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"reasoning-start","id":"reasoning_123"}

```

#### Reasoning Delta Part

Contains incremental reasoning content for the reasoning block.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"reasoning-delta","id":"reasoning_123","delta":"This is some reasoning"}

```

#### Reasoning End Part

Indicates the completion of a reasoning block.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"reasoning-end","id":"reasoning_123"}

```

### Reasoning File Part

Reasoning file parts contain references to files generated as part of reasoning, such as images produced during the reasoning process.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"reasoning-file","url":"data:image/png;base64,iVBOR...","mediaType":"image/png"}

```

### Source Parts

Source parts provide references to external content sources.

#### Source URL Part

References to external URLs.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"source-url","sourceId":"https://example.com","url":"https://example.com"}

```

#### Source Document Part

References to documents or files.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"source-document","sourceId":"https://example.com","mediaType":"file","title":"Title"}

```

### File Part

The file parts contain references to files with their media type.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"file","url":"https://example.com/file.png","mediaType":"image/png"}

```

### Custom Part

Custom parts represent provider-specific content that doesn't fit into the standard part types. The `kind` field identifies the specific custom content type in the format `{provider}.{provider-type}`.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"custom","kind":"openai.compaction","providerMetadata":{"openai":{"itemId":"cmp_123"}}}

```

### Data Parts

Custom data parts allow streaming of arbitrary structured data with type-specific handling.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object where the type includes a custom suffix

Example:

```
data: {"type":"data-weather","data":{"location":"SF","temperature":100}}

```

The `data-*` type pattern allows you to define custom data types that your frontend can handle specifically.

### Error Part

The error parts are appended to the message as they are received.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"error","errorText":"error message"}

```

### Tool Input Start Part

Indicates the beginning of tool input streaming.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-input-start","toolCallId":"call_fJdQDqnXeGxTmr4E3YPSR7Ar","toolName":"getWeatherInformation"}

```

### Tool Input Delta Part

Incremental chunks of tool input as it's being generated.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-input-delta","toolCallId":"call_fJdQDqnXeGxTmr4E3YPSR7Ar","inputTextDelta":"San Francisco"}

```

### Tool Input Available Part

Indicates that tool input is complete and ready for execution.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-input-available","toolCallId":"call_fJdQDqnXeGxTmr4E3YPSR7Ar","toolName":"getWeatherInformation","input":{"city":"San Francisco"}}

```

### Tool Approval Request Part

Indicates that a tool call requires approval, or records that the approval decision was made automatically.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-approval-request","toolCallId":"call_fJdQDqnXeGxTmr4E3YPSR7Ar","approvalId":"approval_123","isAutomatic":true}

```

When `isAutomatic` is omitted, the request expects an explicit approval response from the client.

### Tool Approval Response Part

Records the approval decision for a tool call.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-approval-response","approvalId":"approval_123","approved":false,"reason":"User denied the request"}

```

For provider-executed tools, the response can also include `providerExecuted: true`.

### Tool Output Available Part

Contains the result of tool execution.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-output-available","toolCallId":"call_fJdQDqnXeGxTmr4E3YPSR7Ar","output":{"city":"San Francisco","weather":"sunny"}}

```

### Tool Output Denied Part

Indicates that tool execution was denied after the approval flow completed.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"tool-output-denied","toolCallId":"call_fJdQDqnXeGxTmr4E3YPSR7Ar"}

```

### Start Step Part

A part indicating the start of a step.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"start-step"}

```

### Finish Step Part

A part indicating that a step (i.e., one LLM API call in the backend) has been completed.

This part is necessary to correctly process multiple stitched assistant calls, e.g. when calling tools in the backend, and using steps in `useChat` at the same time.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"finish-step"}

```

### Finish Message Part

A part indicating the completion of a message.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"finish"}

```

### Abort Part

Indicates the stream was aborted.

Format: Server-Sent Event with JSON object

Example:

```
data: {"type":"abort","reason":"user cancelled"}

```

### Stream Termination

The stream ends with a special `[DONE]` marker.

Format: Server-Sent Event with literal `[DONE]`

Example:

```
data: [DONE]

```

The data stream protocol is supported
by `useChat` and `useCompletion` on the frontend and used by default.
`useCompletion` only supports the `text` and `data` stream parts.

On the backend, you can pass the `streamText` result stream to `toUIMessageStream` and return it with `createUIMessageStreamResponse`.

### UI Message Stream Example

Here is a Next.js example that uses the UI message stream protocol:

```tsx filename='app/page.tsx'
'use client';

import { useChat } from '@ai-sdk/react';
import { useState } from 'react';

export default function Chat() {
  const [input, setInput] = useState('');
  const { messages, sendMessage } = useChat();

  return (
    <div className="flex flex-col w-full max-w-md py-24 mx-auto stretch">
      {messages.map(message => (
        <div key={message.id} className="whitespace-pre-wrap">
          {message.role === 'user' ? 'User: ' : 'AI: '}
          {message.parts.map((part, i) => {
            switch (part.type) {
              case 'text':
                return <div key={`${message.id}-${i}`}>{part.text}</div>;
            }
          })}
        </div>
      ))}

      <form
        onSubmit={e => {
          e.preventDefault();
          sendMessage({ text: input });
          setInput('');
        }}
      >
        <input
          className="fixed dark:bg-zinc-900 bottom-0 w-full max-w-md p-2 mb-8 border border-zinc-300 dark:border-zinc-800 rounded shadow-xl"
          value={input}
          placeholder="Say something..."
          onChange={e => setInput(e.currentTarget.value)}
        />
      </form>
    </div>
  );
}
```

```ts filename='app/api/chat/route.ts'
import {
  convertToModelMessages,
  createUIMessageStreamResponse,
  streamText,
  toUIMessageStream,
  UIMessage,
} from 'ai';
__PROVIDER_IMPORT__;

// Allow streaming responses up to 30 seconds
export const maxDuration = 30;

export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const { messages }: { messages: UIMessage[] } = await req.json();

  const result = streamText({
    model: __MODEL__,
    messages: await convertToModelMessages(messages),
  });

  return createUIMessageStreamResponse({
    stream: toUIMessageStream({ stream: result.stream }),
  });
}
```
