Authentication

Blockstack Authentication provides single sign on and authentication without third parties or remote servers. Blockstack Authentication is a bearer token-based authentication system. From an app user's perspective, it functions similar to legacy third-party authentication techniques that they're familiar with. For an app developer, the flow is a bit different from the typical client-server flow of centralized sign in services (e.g., OAuth). Rather, with Blockstack, the authentication flow happens entirely client-side.

Quickstart

1) Install blockstack.js:

npm install blockstack --save

2) Import Blockstack into your project

import * as blockstack from 'blockstack'

3) Wire up a sign in button

document.getElementById('signin-button').addEventListener('click', function() {
  blockstack.redirectToSignIn()
})

4) Wire up a sign out button

document.getElementById('signout-button').addEventListener('click', function() {
  blockstack.signUserOut(window.location.origin)
})

5) Include the logic to (a) load user data (b) handle the auth response

function showProfile(profile) {
  var person = new blockstack.Person(profile)
  document.getElementById('heading-name').innerHTML = person.name()
  document.getElementById('avatar-image').setAttribute('src', person.avatarUrl())
  document.getElementById('section-1').style.display = 'none'
  document.getElementById('section-2').style.display = 'block'
}

if (blockstack.isUserSignedIn()) {
  const userData = blockstack.loadUserData()
  showProfile(userData.profile)
} else if (blockstack.isSignInPending()) {
  blockstack.handlePendingSignIn()
  .then(userData => {
    showProfile(userData.profile)
  })
}

6) Create a manifest.json file

{
  "name": "Hello, Blockstack",
  "start_url": "localhost:5000",
  "description": "A simple demo of Blockstack Auth",
  "icons": [{
    "src": "https://helloblockstack.com/icon-192x192.png",
    "sizes": "192x192",
    "type": "image/png"
  }]
}

Make sure your manifest.json file has appropriate CORS headers so that it can be fetched via an http GET from any origin.

7) Serve your application

User flow

What follows is a walk through of the experience of a user, Alice, signing in to your app with Blockstack.

First, Alice clicks the "Sign in with Blockstack" button on your app. She is redirected to her copy of the Blockstack Browser. The Blockstack Browser shows Alice an approval dialog with information about your app including:

• The origin your app was served from
• Your app's name
• Your app's logo
• The types of permissions and data your app is requesting

Alice can choose to authenticate as one of her Blockstack IDs by selecting the ID and clicking the Approve button.

When she clicks approve, she's redirected back to your app. Your app gets cryptographic proof that she is who she claims to be, access to a dedicated bucket in her Gaia storage hub for your app to read and write its own data along with public information she's stored in her profile.

Manifest file

Blockstack apps have a manifest file based on the W3C web app manifest specification. The Blockstack Browser retrieves the manifest file from the app during the authentication process and displays some of the information in it such as the app name and icon to the user. The location of the app manifest file is specific in the authentication request token and MUST be on the same origin as the app requesting authentication.

Below is an example of a manifest file:

{
  "name": "Todo App",
  "start_url": "http://blockstack-todos.appartisan.com",
  "description": "A simple todo app build on blockstack",
  "icons": [{
    "src": "http://blockstack-todos.appartisan.com/logo.png",
    "sizes": "400x400",
    "type": "image/png"
  }]
}

The manifest file MUST have Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) headers that allow the manifest file to be fetched from any arbitrary source. This usually means returning:

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

Key pairs

Blockstack Authentication makes extensive use of public key cryptography. As mentioned above, we use ECDSA with the secp256k1 curve. What follows is a description of the various public-private key pairs used in the authentication process including how they're generated, where they're used and to whom the private key is disclosed.

Transit private key

The transit private is an ephemeral key that is used to encrypt secrets that need to be passed from the Blockstack Browser to the app during the authentication process. It is randomly generated by the app at the beginning of the authentication response. The public key that corresponds to the transit private key is stored in a single element array in the public_keys key of the authentication request token. The Blockstack Browser encrypts secret data such as the app private key using this public key and sends it back to the app when the user signs in to the app. The transit private key signs the app authentication request.

Blockstack ID Identity address private key

The identity address private key is derived from the user's keychain phrase and is the private key of the Blockstack ID that the user chooses to use to sign in to the app. It is a secret owned by the user and never leaves the user's instance of the Blockstack browser. This private key signs the authentication response token for an app to indicate that the user approves sign in to that app.

App private key

The app private key is an app-specific private key that is generated from the user's identity address private key using the domain_name as input. It is deterministic in that for a given Blockstack ID and domain_name, the same private key will be generated each time. The app private key is securely shared with the app on each authentication, encrypted by the Blockstack browser with the transit public key.

The app private key serves three functions.

• It is used to create the credentials that give an app access to the gaia hub storage bucket for that specific app.
• It is used in the end-to-end encryption of files stored for the app on the user's gaia hub.
• It serves as a cryptographic secret that apps can use to perform other cryptographic functions.

Scopes

Scopes define the information and permissions an app requests from the user during authentication. Requested scopes may be any of the following:

• store_write - read and write data to the user's Gaia hub in an app-specific storage bucket

• publish_data - publish data so that other users of the app can discover and interact with the user

• email - requests the user's email if available

  If no scopes array is provided to the redirectToSignIn or makeAuthRequest functions, the default is to request ['store_write'].

Authentication tokens

The app and the Blockstack Browser communicate during the authentication flow by passing back and forth two tokens:

The requesting application sends the Blockstack Browser an authRequest token. Once a user approves a sign in, the Blockstack Browser responds to the application with an authResponse token.

These tokens are JSON Web Tokens, and they are passed via URL query strings.

JSON Web Token signatures

Blockstack's authentication tokens are based on the RFC 7519 OAuth JSON Web Token (JWT) with additional support for the secp256k1 curve used by bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies.

This signature algorithm is indicated by specifying ES256K in the token's alg key, specifying that the JWT signature uses ECDSA with the secp256k1 curve. We provide both JavaScript and Ruby JWT libraries with support for this signing algorithm.

Authentication request payload schema

const requestPayload = {
    jti, // UUID
    iat, // JWT creation time in seconds
    exp, // JWT expiration time in seconds
    iss, // legacy decentralized identifier generated from transit key
    public_keys, // single entry array with public key of transit key
    domain_name, // app origin
    manifest_uri, // url to manifest file - must be hosted on app origin
    redirect_uri, // url to which browser redirects user on auth approval - must be hosted on app origin
    version, // version tuple
    do_not_include_profile, // a boolean flag asking browser to send profile url instead of profile object
    supports_hub_url, // a boolean flag indicating gaia hub support
    scopes // an array of string values indicating scopes requested by the app
  }

Authentication response payload schema

    const responsePayload = {
    jti, // UUID
    iat, // JWT creation time in seconds
    exp, // JWT expiration time in seconds
    iss, // legacy decentralized identifier (string prefix + identity address) - this uniquely identifies the user
    private_key, // encrypted private key payload
    public_keys, // single entry array with public key
    profile, // profile object or null if passed by profile_url
    username, // blockstack id username (if any)
    core_token, // encrypted core token payload
    email, // email if email scope is requested & email available
    profile_url, // url to signed profile token
    hubUrl, // url pointing to user's gaia hub
    version // version tuple
  }

blockstack: custom protocol handler

The blockstack: custom protocol handler is how Blockstack apps send their authentication requests to the Blockstack Browser. When the Blockstack Browser is installed on a user's computer, it registers itself as the handler for the blockstack: customer protocol.

When an application calls redirectToSignIn or redirectToSignInWithAuthRequest, blockstack.js checks if a blockstack: protocol handler is installed and, if so, redirects the user to blockstack:<authRequestToken>. This passes the authentication request token from the app to the Blockstack Browser, which will in turn validate the request and display an authentication dialog.

Adding Blockstack Authentication to your app

The way you can add Blockstack Authentication to you app depends on whether your app is a modern decentralized Blockstack App where code runs client-side without trusted servers or a legacy client-server app where a server is trusted.

Authentication in Client-side apps

This method is appropriate for decentralized client-side apps where the user's zone of trust - the parts of the app that the user is trusting - begins and ends with the code running on their own computer. In apps like these, any code the app interacts with that's not on their own computer such as external servers does not need to know who she is.

Blockstack.js provides API methods that help you to implement Blockstack Authentication in your client-side app.

Standard flow

The preferred way to implement authentication in these apps is to use the standard flow. This flow hides much of the process behind a few easy function calls and makes it very fast to get up and running.

In this process you'll use these four functions:

• redirectToSignIn
• isSignInPending
• handlePendingSignIn
• loadUserData

Starting the sign in process

When your app wants to start the sign in process, typically when the user clicks a "Sign in with Blockstack" button, your app will call the redirectToSignIn method of blockstack.js.

This creates an ephemeral transit key, stores it in the web browser's localStorage, uses it to create an authentication request token and finally redirects the user to the Blockstack browser to approve the sign in request.

Handling an authentication response

When a user approves a sign in request, the Blockstack Browser will return the signed authentication response token to the redirectURI specified in redirectToSignIn.

To check for the presence of this token, your app should call isSignInPending. If this returns true, the app should then call handlePendingSignIn. This decodes the token, returns the signed-in-user's data, and simultaneously storing it to localStorage so that it can be retrieved later with loadUserData.

import * as blockstack from 'blockstack'

if (blockstack.isSignInPending()) {
    blockstack.handlePendingSignIn()
    .then(userData => {
        const profile = userData.profile
    })
}

Manual flow

Alternatively, you can manually generate your own transit private key and/or authentication request token. This gives you more control over the experience.

For example, you could use the following code to generate an authentication request on https://alice.example.com or https://bob.example.com for an app running on origin https://example.com.

const transitPrivateKey = generateAndStoreTransitKey()
const redirectURI = 'https://example.com/authLandingPage'
const manifestURI = 'https://example.com/manifest.json'
const scopes = ['scope_write', 'publish_data']
const appDomain = 'https://example.com'

const authRequest = makeAuthRequest(transitPrivateKey, redirectURI, manifestURI, scopes, appDomain)

redirectToSignInWithAuthRequest(authRequest)

Authentication in client-server apps

Note: Client-server authentication requires using a library written in the language of your server app. There are private methods in blockstack.js that can be accomplish this on node.js server apps, but they are not currently part of our public, supported API.

Using Blockstack Authentication in client-server apps is very similar to client-side apps. You generate the authentication request using the same code in the client as described above.

The main difference is that you need to verify the authentication response token on the server after the user approves sign in to your app.

For an example of how verification can be done server side, take a look at the blockstack-ruby library.

Profiles

Follow these steps to create and register a profile for a Blockchain ID:

1. Create a JSON profile object
2. Split up the profile into tokens, sign the tokens, and put them in a token file
3. Create a zone file that points to the web location of the profile token file

Create a profile

const profileOfNaval = {
  "@context": "http://schema.org/",
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Naval Ravikant",
  "description": "Co-founder of AngelList"
}

Sign a profile as a single token

import { makeECPrivateKey, wrapProfileToken, Person } from 'blockstack'

const privateKey = makeECPrivateKey()

const person = new Person(profileOfNaval)
const token = person.toToken(privateKey)
const tokenFile = [wrapProfileToken(token)]

Verify an individual token

import { verifyProfileToken } from 'blockstack'

try {
  const decodedToken = verifyProfileToken(tokenFile[0].token, publicKey)
} catch(e) {
  console.log(e)
}

Recover a profile from a token file

const recoveredProfile = Person.fromToken(tokenFile, publicKey)

Validate profile schema

const validationResults = Person.validateSchema(recoveredProfile)

Where profile data is stored

Profile data is stored using Gaia on the user's selected storage provider.

An example of a profile.json file URL using Blockstack provided storage: https://gaia.blockstack.org/hub/1EeZtGNdFrVB2AgLFsZbyBCF7UTZcEWhHk/profile.json

Validate a proof

import { validateProofs } from 'blockstack'

const domainName = "naval.id"
validateProofs(profile, domainName).then((proofs) => {
  console.log(proofs)
})

How proofs are validated

The validateProofs function checks each of the proofs listed in the profile by fetching the proof URL and verifying the proof message.

The proof message must be of the form:

Verifying my Blockstack ID is secured with the address
1EeZtGNdFrVB2AgLFsZbyBCF7UTZcEWhHk

The proof message also must appear in the required location on the proof page specific to each type of social media account.

The account from which the proof message is posted must match exactly the account identifier/username claimed in the user profile. The validateProofs function will check this in the body of the proof or in the proof URL depending on the service.

Adding additional social account validation services

The Service class can be extended to provide proof validation service to additional social account types. You will need to override the getProofStatement(searchText: string) method which parses the proof body and returns the proof message text. Additionally, the identifier claimed should be verified in the proof URL or in the body by implementing getProofIdentity(searchText: string) and setting shouldValidateIdentityInBody() to return true.

The following snippet uses the meta tags in the proof page to retrieve the proof message.

static getProofStatement(searchText: string) {
	const $ = cheerio.load(searchText)
	const statement = $('meta[property="og:description"]')
	                    .attr('content')

	if (statement !== undefined && statement.split(':').length > 1) {
	  return statement.split(':')[1].trim().replace('“', '').replace('”', '')
	} else {
	  return ''
	}
}

Currently supported proof validation services

• Facebook
• Twitter
• Instagram
• LinkedIn
• Hacker News
• GitHub

Profile proof schema

Proofs are stored under the account key in the user's profile data

"account": [
	{
	  "@type": "Account",
	  "service": "twitter",
	  "identifier": "naval",
	  "proofType": "http",
	  "proofUrl": "https://twitter.com/naval/status/12345678901234567890"
	}
]

Storage

Notes:

1) Blockstack Gaia Storage APIs and on-disk format will change in upcoming pre-releases breaking backward compatibility. File encryption is currently opt-in on a file by file basis.

2) Certain storage features such as and collections are not implemented in the current version. These features will be rolled out in future updates.

Creating a file

 blockstack.putFile("/hello.txt", "hello world!")
 .then(() => {
    // /hello.txt exists now, and has the contents "hello world!".
 })

Reading a file

 blockstack.getFile("/hello.txt")
 .then((fileContents) => {
    // get the contents of the file /hello.txt
    assert(fileContents === "hello world!")
 });

Creating an encrypted file

 let options = {
   encrypt: true
 }

 blockstack.putFile("/message.txt", "Secret hello!", options)
 .then(() => {
    // message.txt exists now, and has the contents "hello world!".
 })

Reading an encrypted file

 let options = {
   decrypt: true
 }

 blockstack.getFile("/message.txt", options)
 .then((fileContents) => {
    // get & decrypt the contents of the file /message.txt
    assert(fileContents === "Secret hello!")
 });

Reading another user's unencrypted file

In order for files to be publicly readable, the app must request the publish_data scope during authentication.

 let options = {
   user: 'ryan.id', // the Blockstack ID of the user for which to lookup the file
   app: 'http://BlockstackApp.com' // origin of the app this file is stored for
 }

 blockstack.getFile("/message.txt", options)
 .then((fileContents) => {
    // get the contents of the file /message.txt
    assert(fileContents === "hello world!")
 });

Deleting a file

Note: deleteFile is currently not implemented. For now, we recommend writing an empty file to wipe data

 blockstack.deleteFile("/hello.txt")
 .then(() => {
    // /hello.txt is now removed.
 })